Reverse engineering is the biggest chance that you can use the information of the previous person who built it well and use the new repairs of the structure and bring it closer

to the ideal. He considered this point and paid attention to the point that there will never be an end for a product

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Understanding reverse engineering
Common reasons for reverse engineering are:
Development of interfaces for system interoperability…
Corporate and/or military espionage…
Improve product documentation…
Considering the obsolescence…
Renovation of software products…
Security adaptations…
Fix product defects…
simulation …

What is reverse engineering?
Reverse engineering is taking apart an object to see how it works. This is mainly done to analyze and gain knowledge about how something works, but is often used to replicate or enhance the object. Many things can be reverse engineered, including software, physical machines, military technology, and even biological functions related to how genes work.
The reverse engineering method used in computer hardware and software is taken from old industries. Software reverse engineering focuses on the program’s machine code—the strings 0 and 1 that enter the processor
Sent logically. Programming language statements are used to convert machine code into original source code

Depending on the technology, the knowledge gained in reverse engineering can be used to reuse obsolete objects, analyze security, gain a competitive advantage, or simply teach how something works. Regardless of how the knowledge is used or communicated, reverse engineering is the process of obtaining that knowledge from a finished object.

How does the reverse engineering process work?
The reverse engineering process is specific to the object on which it is performed. Regardless of context, however, there are three general steps common to all reverse engineering efforts. They are:
Information Extraction The object being reverse engineered is studied, information about its design is extracted, and this information is examined to determine how the parts fit together. In software reverse engineering, this may require collecting source code and related design documents for study. It may also involve the use of tools such as a disassembler to separate the program into its component parts.

Modeling Collected information is abstracted into a conceptual model, and each piece of the model explains its function in the overall structure. The purpose of this step is to take the original specific information and transform it into a general model that can be used to guide the design of new objects or systems. In software reverse engineering this may take the form of a data flow diagram or a structure diagram.
review This involves examining the model and testing it in different scenarios to ensure that it is a true abstraction of the original object or system. In software engineering this may take the form of software testing. After testing, the model can be implemented to re-engineer the original object.

Software reverse engineering involves the use of several tools. One tool is a hexadecimal player that prints or displays the binary numbers of a program in hexadecimal. By knowing the bit patterns that represent the processor’s instructions, as well as the length of the instructions, the reverse engineer can identify parts of a program to see how they work.

Another software reverse engineering tool is the splitter. Reads binary code and displays each executable instruction as text. The disassembler cannot tell the difference between the executable instruction and the data that the program uses, so debugging is used to prevent the disassembler from detaching parts of the program’s data. These tools may be used by a computer cracker to break into a computer system or cause other damage.

Computer-aided design (CAD) is a reverse engineering technique used to recreate a manufactured part when the original blueprint is no longer available. This involves producing 3D images of the part so that it can be reproduced. The measuring device measures the coordinates of the part and as it is measured, a 3D wire frame image is created using CAD software and displayed on the monitor. After the measurement is completed, the image of the wire frame is measured. Any part can be reverse engineered using these methods.

What is the purpose of reverse engineering?
The goal of reverse engineering is to find out how an object or system works. There are several reasons for doing this. Reverse engineering can be used to learn how something works and recreate the object or create a similar object with further improvements.
Often the purpose of reverse engineering software or hardware is to find a way to make a product cheaper and cheaper, or because the original product is no longer available. Reverse engineering in information technology is also used to solve compatibility problems and work of hardware or software with other hardware, software or operating systems that were not compatible with them in the first place.

Apple’s Logic Pro software, which allows musicians to compose, record, arrange, edit and mix music, is a good example. Logic Pro is only available for Mac devices and is relatively expensive. This program has several dedicated digital tools. With a little research, a programmer can reverse engineer these digital instruments, figure out how they work, and customize them for use in Logic Pro or make them compatible with other Windows-compatible music software.

Legal and ethical challenges with reverse engineering
In the United States, reverse engineering is generally considered a legal way to learn about a product as long as the original was produced legally and no other contractual agreement was violated. US trade goals are to allow reverse engineering if it improves the product or creates interoperability with other products that were previously incompatible.
Reverse-engineering a registered product is generally legal under the Defend Trade Secrets Act, but there are circumstances where that legality falls short. Patent owners take advantage of anyone who copies their inventions.

Reverse engineering software for the purpose of duplicating or duplicating a program may be a violation of copyright law. Some software licenses specifically prohibit reverse engineering. Other contractual agreements can also limit the use of reverse engineering to access code, including terms of service or usage and non-disclosure notices and other types of developer agreements.
Technological protection measures (TPM), such as passwords, encryption and access control devices, are often used to control access to copyrighted software and other digital content. Bypassing TPM can raise legal issues.

The various laws related to reverse engineering include the following:
patent law;
copyright law and fair use;
Trade secrets law;
Anti-Possible Provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act;
Electronic Communications Privacy Act; And
Any contractual agreement specific to the product in question.
When a reverse engineering challenge is brought to court, the original owner of the object, system, or intellectual property must prove that they created the object or own the patent or copyright. The person or organization doing the reverse engineering must prove that they obtained the information through legal means.

One way to reverse engineer and develop a new software product to avoid patent or copyright infringement is to use a clean room or ethical wall technique, where two separate groups of programmers work on the project and ensure that the original is not directly copied. To
Reverse engineering is a complex area of ​​ethics and law. The spread of information technology in many parts of daily life has made it more complicated.

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• 

• How to reduce production costs in manufacturing businesses.

• Before discussing ways to reduce production costs, let us first understand the concept of production and the different elements of production cost.
  A manufacturing concern is a business enterprise engaged in the production of tangible items called goods or commodities.
• Essay producing basically requires combining some resources to create a new essay. The article that appeared has a distinctive name and has unique features and uses compared to its components.
• What is the cost of production and what are its different components?
• The cost of production is the cost of preparing raw materials and converting these raw materials into finished products. In other words, all costs related to the factory are included in the cost of production.
• Manufacturing Cost = Direct Material Cost + Direct Labor Cost + Factory/Manufacturing Overhead
• Direct material cost
• Direct material cost is the cost incurred for the procurement of raw materials. This includes the cost of purchasing the materials and the costs incurred to bring the materials from the supplier’s location to your factory location. Purchase tax paid, which is a creditable element of input tax, is not included in the direct cost of materials.
• Examples of costs including direct material costs:
• The cost of buying
• carry in
• Loading and unloading costs
• Carrying cargo
• Note: consumables such as packaging are not included in the direct cost of materials. They are instead subject to manufacturing overhead costs
• Direct labor cost
• Direct labor cost is the cost of labor that is done to convert raw materials into finished product.
• Example of labor cost:
• Wages of frontline workers
• Manufacturing/production overheads
• Manufacturing overheads are costs incurred in the factory excluding direct materials and direct labor costs. Such overhead costs cannot be easily assigned directly to a product. That is why they are also known as indirect costs of production.
• Examples of manufacturing overhead:
• Factory rental and insurance
• Electricity and other expenses required to run the factory
• Lubricants and consumable stores such as packaging materials
• Cotton waste, small tools and grease
• Salaries of factory supervisors
• Salaries of goalkeepers and sweepers
• Depreciation of machinery
• Car maintenance
• Sales and administrative costs (outside the factory) are not included in production costs. They are included as indirect costs in the profit and loss statement.

• 
• Ways to reduce production costs in a manufacturing business
• Business as an economic activity seeks maximum profit.
• There are mainly two ways to increase profits. 1. By increasing the selling price per unit and 2. By reducing costs. The first one seems dangerous and unwise in today’s competitive market.
• Therefore, most businesses choose the latter. In a manufacturing concern, the total costs can be checked with the minimum cost of production.
• Below are some ways to reduce production cost
• ۱. Track the numbers
• First, you need to keep track of your main expenses. If you don’t, start now.
• You cannot reduce anything that has not yet been recorded. It is reasonable?
• No, you don’t need an accountant to do this. With the advent of technologies such as cloud accounting software (example: Quickbooks), even a non-accountant can track and monitor numbers.
• Start by tracking at least the following key numbers:
• production capacity
• Actual used capacity
• Direct material cost
• Direct labor cost
• Production overhead
• work efficiency
• Carrying cost of inventory
• Cost of goods sold
• extra expenses
• Inventory in & out
• Cash in and out
• If you don’t want to use accounting software, try recording the numbers in a simple Excel file. The point is: whatever you do, please keep track of your numbers.
• If you have a large team, share the templates with them (or create them in the user’s accounting software) and instruct them to start the numbers. do it now
• It’s hard to believe, but it’s true – even a simple record of numbers will give you a lot of ideas
• ۲. Reducing the cost of direct materials
• The cost of direct materials constitutes a significant part of the total production costs.
• There are a number of techniques for controlling direct material costs. Let me share a few:
• Invite quotes from as many suppliers as possible
• Consider signing a long-term contract with a short-listed supplier. This gives little assurance to the supplier, who in turn can lower the price accordingly.
• Offer cash payment in exchange for cash discount. Most suppliers will be willing to trade a discount for prompt payment.
• At the end of the financial year, claim the turnover discount. Suppliers are willing to give discounts to customers who have contributed to their turnover or revenue.
• Negotiate like a pro
• Consider international sourcing from Chinese B2B wholesale websites such as Alibaba, Global Sources, Dhgate, etc. Of course, international sourcing comes with a few additional costs such as import duties, container shipping, etc. So, do a cost-benefit analysis before making a purchase. from international suppliers
• Consider restructuring your product. Is it possible to replace a particular raw material with a substitute without compromising quality? Example: A furniture manufacturer can replace cheap raw wood with cheaper alternatives such as plywood
• Create a database of suppliers with details such as name, phone number, email, address. This acts as a backup in case of adverse market situation such as price increase, lack of supply or economic recession.
• Connect with a shipping company that will help you bring the items from the supplier’s location to your factory. Invite quotes and enter into a long-term contract with a short-term carrier. It may even be a verbal conflict
• Ask the shipping company to take care of unloading raw materials at your factory. Mention the same in the contract. This will save you a lot of money. (Pro tip: Local unbranded shipping companies offer great shipping rates. Avoid using DHL or FedEx branded shipping services)
• Direct materials are the most important part of production cost. If you can effectively reduce the same amount, you are half done
• Reduction of direct labor costs
• Review employee wages and hours…
• Avoid over-scheduling staff…
• Optimize processes with the right tools…
• Negotiating with suppliers
• Buy materials only when you need them…
• Replace expensive materials with affordable materials.
• Review and redesign products or processes…
• Review the rental
• Some strategies for selling during a recession
• Don’t devalue your product During the recession of 1973, at the same time as the panic of competitors, IBM
• He did an unusual thing: he raised prices.
• Keep calm and focus on solutions. …
• Focus on fewer customers, but contact them more often. …
• Upgrade your sales force, don’t ignore your base…
• Upgrade your sales force

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Engineering Management

project manager
What is project management?
You and your team are preparing to conquer a big project. It’s like a long stack of dominoes – great when it works, but disappointing if one piece is even slightly out of place.
These types of projects can be daunting and exciting, and you may be tempted to get started as soon as possible. Do you wish on your fingers that everything will magically fall into place? Light a candle and hope that the wish-fulfilling genie comes to lend a helping hand?
That would be nice (let us know if you find a way to make them work). But, in fact, the secret to the success of your big and thick projects is effective project management

Why is project management important?
Project management is the coordination of processes, tools, team members, and skills to deliver projects that meet goals and requirements.
Successful projects do not just fall from the sky. In fact, most organizations have estimated a 70% project failure rate – meaning that projects do not meet their original objectives.
Project management increases your success rate. This enables your team to complete projects by aligning them towards clear goals and increasing transparency and visibility, simplifying communication and establishing project scope.
No wonder a pwc study found that 97% of organizations believe project management is critical to business performance.

Benefits of project management
But what makes project management worth the extra time and effort? Dealing with this strategic and methodical approach has many benefits, including:

۱. Eliminates confusion
When you jump straight into your project without any prior discussion or planning, things quickly fall apart. People are not sure who is doing what, there is miscommunication about the project timeline, and everyone is confused about the purpose of the project.
If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. A survey conducted by Geneva found that only 55% of respondents thought that the business objectives of their project were clear to them.

This causes frustration and also wastes a lot of resources. We have all been in situations where we need to revise or redo our tasks after gaining more information or better understanding.
Fortunately, project management equips your team with clear goals and advanced systems to complete the work. This makes it much easier for everyone to be on the same page with consistent collaboration and without the need to revise the project.

۲. Manages scope and budget
Project overruns are terribly common. In the IT industry alone, McKinsey found that, on average, large IT projects run 45% over budget and 7% over time.
Yes, this type of excess will increase your budget and bandwidth as much as possible. Fortunately, effective project management helps create more flexibility.
The first steps of the project management process (initiation and planning) require that you map out actual budgets, schedules, and scope before any project work begins. This will help you create a project plan that is rooted in reality.

Project management challenges
Dealing with this strategic and methodical approach has many benefits, including:
۱. Invest more time
Your team is enthusiastic, and they’re used to jumping in and hitting the ground running quickly. Project management adds a layer that takes up more time

That’s because the project management process has multiple steps (which we’ll get to shortly), several steps happen before your team can sink their teeth into the real work.
This can be an adjustment for a team that is used to figuring things out as they go along.
Remind your team that while project management requires more work than it used to, it’s a lot of time and headaches in the long run.

۲. Stricter expectations
Project management means you have clearly defined goals, timelines, roles, and more.
This increases accountability, which is ultimately a good thing (especially when you consider that 94% of employees say they can’t hold their colleagues accountable).
However, having these kinds of fixed expectations can also be somewhat limiting and difficult. Creative teams are particularly unaccustomed to working within these types of constraints and may find it difficult to adjust to them

Project management methods

Have you heard the old adage “there’s more than one way to cook eggs”? There is no single strategy to complete the project and hit it. This is where project management methodology comes into play. It is a set of rules, principles and processes for managing a project.
Take tying your shoes as a simple example. Maybe you use the one loop method or are more adept at the rabbit ear trick. Regardless, you will eventually tie the shoelaces, but there are several steps you can take to achieve the end result.

Project management methods are very similar. It is important to note that many teams and companies use a combination rather than a singular reliance. The methods may seem formal, and you have room for innovation here!

Waterfall project management

When you think of traditional, sequential project management, you picture waterfall project management. Using this method, you divide your project into different stages. When one phase ends, the next phase begins – there is no overlap between them.
When to use this method: It is used for long projects that require a single timetable and a very sequential order.
which is usually used in construction. Building a house or structure requires continuous discipline. For example, you cannot lay a roof before pouring the foundation

Agile project management
Agile project management is an iterative approach and is much more flexible than waterfall project management. It’s a DevOps best practice that breaks projects into chunks that are addressed in short bursts (called sprints). So at both speeds, your team will reevaluate what you’re doing to make the necessary changes and make sure you’re on target.
When to use this method: for projects that are not yet well defined and require a lot of adaptation.
which is usually used in software development. The profession pioneered agile, and this approach allows developers to build higher quality software because they are able to test and review at regular intervals.

Lean project management
If you’ve heard of lean manufacturing, the same principles apply to lean project management. The purpose of this method is to increase production and value while reducing waste. To use it, you need to draw a value stream, which is the sequence of project activities. Then, you run a magnifying glass over that flow to identify and eliminate tasks that don’t add value. This means that your project process will be as simple, optimized and efficient as possible.
Time of use: For projects that must be delivered quickly

Which is typically used when: When you produce physical goods, you want to minimize waste as much as possible and maximize profit. For this reason, this approach is common in manufacturing, especially in the automotive industry.

Project management steps
Imagine starting a project from scratch. Project management doesn’t only come in handy when you’re actually checking things out, in which case you need to do the groundwork first.
With this in mind, the Project Management Institute (PMI) developed five distinct phases of project management.

Step 1: Start
Do you think the first step in the project management process is planning? not completely. Before you can strategize your project, you need to understand it on a broader level. At this stage, you must answer the following questions:
What is the business case for this project?
Is it possible to do this project?
Should we follow this project?
Simply put, at this stage you are trying to decide if the project is worth doing even before investing too much.

Second stage: planning
If you decide to move forward, the next step is to enter the planning phase. This is where you step in and create a detailed project plan that your entire team will follow. The questions that must be answered at this stage are:
What is the purpose of this project?
What are key performance indicators (KPI)?
What is its range?
How much is the budget?
What are the risks?
What team members are involved?
What duties are involved?
What milestones must be met?

This step is to ensure that you and your team have shared expectations before you begin. If you think you are too caught up in the details, you are not. Digging deeper than that is worth it, as it will bring your team together

Step 3: Implementation
Grab your coffee and get your power cord, because it’s time to get to work. This is where you and your team roll up your sleeves and start conquering project tasks with your project plan as your guide. At this point, you need:
Allocate the necessary resources
Make sure people are doing their jobs
Host status meetings
Setting up tracking systems
The bulk of the work happens in this step, and it’s also where you start to see your project.
See? All this planning was worth it

Step 4: Monitoring
Just because you have a project plan doesn’t mean everything will automatically go smoothly. It’s like setting a budget for yourself – having a budget does nothing if you’re not careful about how you manage your money.
That’s why you need to monitor the progress of the project to make sure everything is on track. You should evaluate your project against the KPIs you created during the planning phase.

What should you do if you feel that your project has gone off track or fallen prey? Take a moment to reevaluate. You can decide if you need to rearrange things or if your original plan needs to change. This is an important point about monitoring – you need to have regular checkpoints to correct the course.

Step #5: Closing
The final step is about twisting the loose end of the shoelace. This includes:
Host a post-mortem or retrospective to evaluate the project

Preparing the final report of the project
Collect and store required project documentation in a secure location (by the way, a shared documentation space like Confluence is great for this).
Not only does this give your team a chance to officially wash their hands of the project, but it also makes it easier to refer back to when necessary.

Project management best practices
Even if you follow all the steps above, effective project management is not a set-it-and-forget scenario. There are a few other practices you’ll want to implement to make your project run as smoothly as possible.
Host a project kickoff meeting
Your project kick-off meeting is when you set goals, break down your timeline, and generally get everyone on the same page about your project.

Regardless of how excited your team is to get started, don’t leave this situation out. You proactively remove confusion and rally your team around a common goal.
Be careful with task and resource dependencies
Your project tasks don’t happen in a vacuum, so it’s important to account for these dependencies. PMI’s Pulse of the Profession 2018 showed that resource dependence contributed to 26% of project failures and task dependence contributed to 12% of project failures.

When all your tasks and resources are connected, you need to understand how to link them, otherwise you risk watching the terrible moment when all your dominoes are falling.
Determine your critical path
Identifying your critical path is a great way to avoid exceeding your schedule. While it may sound like something out of an action movie, your critical path is the longest string of project-related activities. If you encounter any problems or delays along the way, you know that the entire project is in danger of being lost

Finding the critical path lets you know where you have wiggle room in your schedule and where you need to stay as close to your schedule as possible.
hourglass
Be realistic with your timeline
Have you heard of the planning fallacy? This is a phenomenon that causes us to seriously underestimate the time to complete our tasks and can harm your project schedule.

Check yourself by revisiting the timeline of previous projects. Consult your time tracking software (if you have one) to see how long routine tasks take and ask your team to review their schedules.
Use project management software
If your team members need to search through endless threads or email folders to find what they need, your project will definitely fall behind.

For this reason, it is useful to use project management software (such as Jira) to store documents and organize the project in a knowledge management software (such as Confluence). This increases visibility into all project phases and tasks, centralizes communication, and gives your project team a single source of truth.
Define specific roles and responsibilities
Gallup research found that only about half of employees strongly agree that they know what is expected of them at work.

To get the best out of your team, people need to know exactly why they are involved. What is their role and what contribution is expected?
Not only does this instill a sense of purpose and accountability in your project team members, it also prevents them from stepping on each other’s toes and allows you to play to everyone’s strengths.
Make the project a collaborative process

Managing a project can be stressful and you don’t have to do it alone. Your team will have great insight into your project, including if your timeline is realistic or if you haven’t forgotten dependencies. And remember, you brought them on this project because you know they’re brilliant and you trust their expertise.
Don’t plan projects separately. Get your team involved in planning more logically and strengthen your sense of ownership over the project.
Roles and responsibilities of project management
The possible roles of the project are:

Project Manager: The person who oversees the entire project and is responsible for the success of the project.
Project sponsor: Senior manager who supports the project and works closely with the project manager.
Team Member: People who actively work on project tasks.
Supplier: People who provide goods or services for a project.
Stakeholder: People who are interested in the project. These can be divided into the following:
Key stakeholders: The people who actually do the work and are actively involved in the project.
Secondary stakeholders: People who may come to the meetings and play a small role, but are not the main decision makers of the project.
Interested stakeholders: People who are involved in the project but do not have an active role or have a large influence

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Importance of industrial engineer in project management
industrial engineering
• What is the daily task of an industrial engineer?
• Responsibilities of an industrial engineer include analyzing operations, designing workflows and production processes, reducing inefficiencies and ensuring that final products conform to established quality standards.

• What does an industrial engineering technician do?
• Industrial engineers are professionals who make various production plans for companies. They will design these plans to improve productivity, reduce waste in the workplace and reduce costs. Industrial engineers usually oversee the overall operations of a company to find new ways to increase its efficiency through new production designs.

• They will carefully analyze the company’s current processes and production plans and design new production processes accordingly. These employees will also design various control systems to help minimize costs and increase production quality. They compile equipment and materials lists, cost analyses, production cost estimates, and purchase orders before executing new projects.
• “Industrial engineering is the branch of engineering most closely related to human resources because we apply social skills to work with all types of employees, from engineers to salespeople to senior managers.

• Industrial engineering technicians and technicians help engineers solve problems that affect production or production layout. They prepare machine and equipment plans, design work flows, conduct statistical production studies, and analyze production costs.

• Increase Productivity
• Industrial engineering has provided a systematic approach to simplify and improve productivity and efficiency. Purer, more efficient and profitable business practices, while increasing service and quality to customers. … Increase Productivity.
• Industrial engineers devise efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to produce a product or provide a service.
• Industrial engineers must also have the following special characteristics
• Creativity….
• Critical thinking skills. …
• Listening skills. …
• Mathematical skills. …
• Problem solving skills. …
• Speaking skills…
• Writing skills

• Who do industrial engineers work with?
• They devise efficient ways to use workers, machines, materials, information and energy to produce a product or provide a service. Industrial engineers often work in teams with other professionals, industrial engineering technicians, and production staff

• What is the daily task of an industrial engineer?
• Responsibilities of the industrial engineer include analyzing operations, designing workflows and production processes, reducing inefficiencies and ensuring that final products conform to established quality standards.
• connections
• Developing verbal and written communication skills is very important as an industrial engineer. Engineers must communicate with customers or supervisors to better understand their needs. They should collaborate with other engineers to improve productivity. Finally, industrial engineers will also communicate with team members to report results and provide recommendations for improvement

• What types of projects do industrial engineers work on?
• Industrial engineering as we know it began in the early 20th century, when the first engineers began to apply scientific theory to manufacturing. Factory owners labeled their new professionals “industrial” or management engineers
• As an industrial engineer, you can participate in activities such as: long-term planning, new facility design, robotics development, production system installation, work flow improvement, management information system design, statistical analysis, optimization studies, economic you have. Decision making, job
• Industrial engineering is usually defined as the integration of machines, workers, production materials, money and scientific methods.

While many current industrial engineers still work in these fields, their scope of work has become more general. Today’s industrial engineers work in much more environments than factories. In recent years, fields such as energy and information technology have become particularly dependent on the skills of industrial engineers. These flexible professionals may also be employed in the following cases

• In short, industrial engineering majors learn to use engineering and scientific principles to design, produce, or improve systems that include both goods and services. Industrial engineers deal with how products are created, the quality of those products, and the cost of making products. Industrial engineers also deal with the design and operation of factories that produce products. They design workstations, automation and robotics for systems across the supply chain

• In addition, industrial engineers must pay attention to the safety of employees and workplace environments. They balance the implementation of responsible processes with other requirements of producing a high quality product or service. As a result, industrial engineers are often heavily involved in managerial aspects
• Industrial engineers work with machines and systems to improve the efficiency of a company. An industrial engineer may work in production or manufacturing, finding ways to reduce costs, improve productivity, and maximize the organization’s output. An industrial engineer may have the following duties

• Evaluate productivity and provide recommendations to improve methods
• Evaluate machinery and identify ways to improve its efficiency
• Develop quality control standards and regularly test and report results
• Forecasting and improving financial planning for industrial equipment
• Monitor employee schedules and assignments and make improvements to meet demands
•
• Strong written and verbal communication skills are essential for an industrial engineer. They must be aware of the needs of a business while providing understandable technical advice

• Good leadership skills help industrial engineers implement productivity changes. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is helpful when making recommendations.
• Industrial engineers often need to create appropriate solutions for various challenges. Whether it is to improve the production of a particular product or to reduce waste, the ability to develop a plan to overcome the problem is important.
• Industrial engineers must use analytical skills to evaluate and interpret data. They also use these skills to create reports and describe results for company decision makers

• Industrial engineer skills and qualifications
• Successful industrial engineers have certain skills and competencies that help them in their tasks, which include:
• Industrial engineers use basic and advanced calculations to determine the current and potential productivity of a process. The ability to use calculus, trigonometry, algebra and other types of mathematics is important in this situation.
• Strong written and verbal communication skills are essential for an industrial engineer. They must be aware of the needs of a business while providing understandable technical advice

• Good leadership skills help industrial engineers implement productivity changes. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is helpful when making recommendations.
• Industrial engineers often need to create appropriate solutions for various challenges. Whether it is to improve the production of a particular product or to reduce waste, the ability to develop a plan to overcome the problem is important

• Duties and responsibilities of the engineer
• The duties and responsibilities of an engineer ensure the safety and effectiveness of a process, system or product. Engineers work in a team and must be able to collaborate with other colleagues to ensure the success of a project. Effective communication between engineers, customers and businesses is involved. Other responsibilities of an engineer include:
• Planning using detailed maps
• Preparing estimates and budgets
• Create detailed project specifications
• Designing engineering experiments
• Preparation of technical reports for customers
• Completion of regulatory documents on safety issues
• Completing projects on time and within budget
• Communicate with clients and colleagues about analysis results

• A day in the life of an industrial engineer
• Industrial engineers analyze and evaluate production methods and suggest ways to improve them. They decide how a company should allocate its limited tangible resources (equipment and labor) within existing physical constraints (the physical plant). Every company that hires an industrial engineer, either as a consultant or as an internal manager, has its own limitations. An industrial engineer must quickly become an expert not only in the manufacturing and production processes of the industry, but also in the culture, problems and challenges that the company faces. This may mean face-to-face meetings with executives, extensive stays on production floors, and reviews of historical production data. Industrial engineers receive information from others

They receive information about what is happening in the daily work environment, but they must also make their own observations of these activities. Many employees feel uncomfortable being “supervised” by industrial engineers, and industrial engineers usually walk a fine line between being analysts and detectives. The most difficult task of an industrial engineer is to convey his observations and suggestions to company managers, many of whom are emotionally invested in the traditional way of doing business. Industrial engineers must be careful in what they say and how they say it. In addition to tact,

Being a successful industrial engineer requires charisma and willingness to stand by your own advice even in the face of unresponsive management. The vast majority of industrial engineers—about 70 percent—work in manufacturing companies, and many have specific areas of expertise, such as assembly, raw product processing, or office (paper) work. Most industrial engineers have good working conditions, intellectually challenging work and high satisfaction. The hours can be long, but the satisfaction from learning that each different project brings is more than worth it

• Types of industrial engineer licenses
• Professional Engineering License (PE)
• The PE license is ideal for more experienced industrial engineers. This license moves you from an entry-level industrial engineer title to a professional engineer (PE) classification. To get a license, you need a bachelor’s degree, at least four years of industry experience, and successful completion of the Fundamentals of Engineering and Professional Engineering exams.
• Has a graphic engineering certificate (CTP)
• CTP certification is available for industrial engineers pursuing graphic design, geometric construction, and annotation. Interested engineers can obtain this certificate after completing their engineering degree and successfully passing the written test.
Certificate of Association of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)
• Certificate

SME is ideal for industrial engineers who work in the manufacturing industry and want to keep up with the latest technology and software applications. To get an SME certificate, you need at least four years of education and four years of industry experience, and then you must pass the exam
• Certified industrial energy professional (CIEP)
• CIEP is a good certification for industrial engineers working in the manufacturing industry with energy efficiency goals. To earn the CIEP, you must have at least six years of combined education and work experience, attend a CIEP training seminar, and pass an open-book exam.

• Important software for industrial engineers
• (to perform data analysis)
• Contains
• ۱) Access

• If you ask, what is Access software suitable for? We have to tell you that the list of things you can do with an Access database is much longer than the list of things you can’t do with it.

• ۲) Advanced Excel (VBA, Macros, PowerPivot, Dashboards)
• Microsoft Excel has the main features of all spreadsheet software. Using a table consisting of rows and columns, data and information can be organized and calculations can be made using this data.
• Each house in Excel is called a cell]
• Statistical analysis of information can be done by drawing functions and graphs

• ۳) AutoCAD, Catia, Solid
Computer-aided design CAD is a technology that studies the use of computer systems to help creativity, improve analysis and design optimization, so a computer program that has the ability to do graphic work or the ability to perform some engineering design activities is called CAD software is classified

• ۴) Forecasting tools
• Excel’s Forecast Sheet tool is a new feature that is available in Excel 2016. With just a few clicks, you can have a forecast made for you, including an attractive chart like the one below:
• This new forecasting tool creates a copy of your data and puts it on a new sheet in your file, along with forecasting formulas to predict future values, all presented in one chart.

• ۵) Lindow 6.1
• This software is used to solve research problems in operations and it solves linear control problems with high speed and presents the results along with sensitivity analysis. Industrial engineers must be familiar with the user of this software and use it in optimization issues.

• ۶) Lingo 7
• Many mathematical models are easily solvable with a low number of variables. As the number of variables increases (increasing the dimension of the problem), the solution time increases exponentially. Today, many operational research optimization models, whether linear, non-linear or integer models, can be easily analyzed with the help of computer software. Among these, we can mention the LINGO software. Lingo software is an optimization software using mathematical model

• ۷) Matlab
• MATLAB software is used in many industries and is widely used in basically every job and profession that requires data analysis. Considering that in today’s era, data and information are among the most important and strategic elements of an organization, therefore, analyzing data and performing mathematical and statistical calculations with MATLAB software is very important and it is very valuable for you to be able to Analyze your data quickly and easily

• Most of the researchers need to learn a programming language in order to analyze the data and solve their problems so that they can translate their problems into computer language with the help of the high speed of the computer and instead of solving them themselves this trouble Give computers to solve problems with high speed and extreme accuracy.
• Therefore, it is necessary to learn the language of speaking with the computer. One of these languages ​​is programming with MATLAB software. Next, we need to know what parts the MATLAB software consists of.

• ۸) Minitab
• Minitab is a statistical quality control software suitable for six sigma and quality improvement projects. This software is known as one of the specialized statistical software for quality control, working on numbers and raw data analysis and is used in many large and small industrial units and by means of statistical data analysis,

• ۹) ProModel
• Promodel simulation software is a discrete event simulation technology used to plan, design and improve new or existing production lines, logistics and other operational systems. In fact, this software allows its users to simulate and optimize different systems. In fact, this software is a tool for modeling and animating all kinds of systems, especially systems
• The supply chain is designed.

• ۱۰) Simulation software like ARENASolidworks
• Siemens Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software that you can use to model and simulate production systems and processes. Also, you can optimize material flow, resource utilization, and logistics at all levels of planning, from global manufacturing facilities to local factories or specific production lines.

. In the Siemens Tecnomatix Plant Simulation program, using digital models of this product, you can test and see how each scenario would be without existing and disturbing production systems. You can also plan the production process before actually installing the production systems. Extensive analytical tools in Tecnomatix Plant Simulation such as bottleneck analysis, statistics and graphs help you evaluate different production scenarios. The results obtained from the analysis can provide the necessary information for quick, reliable and intelligent decisions in the early stages of production planning.

• Using Siemens Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software, you can model and simulate production systems and processes. Also, you can optimize material flow, resource utilization, and logistics at all levels of planning, from global manufacturing facilities to local factories or specific production lines.

• ۱۱) SPSS 10.1
• SPSS, which stands for Statistical Package for Social Science, is one of the most powerful and comprehensive statistical software for data analysis; SPSS statistical software is made by IBM company of America, which has been established for 109 years.
• SPSS statistical software is considered the most widely used statistical software in the country due to its simplicity and other prominent features, which is widely used in fields such as psychology, industries and agriculture; The research method using SPSS software allows to compare different data and methods from the obtained outputs and choose the best option.

• ۱۲) SQL
• The SQL query language is the most popular and common language for working with databases, which is not limited to a specific programming language, which means that most programmers need this language to communicate with databases.
• ۱۳) Storm
• It is a powerful programming software. None of the programming software has the facilities that this software has. With this software, the programmer does not need anything else because this software is complete and suitable for programming

• ۱۴) Tableau
• Today, organizations are faced with a large amount of data related to their business, the correct use of which can greatly help the organization. Business intelligence is a set of techniques used to analyze data and make timely decisions. Today, the use of business intelligence software is popular in Iranian organizations. One of the most important and user-friendly business intelligence software is Tableau. In this extra-lesson in 6 lessons with various examples of training related to entering data into the software and solving data entry problems, sorting, filtering, drawing diagrams, working with maps, creating dashboards and stories and their settings. will provide

• ۱۶) Unigraphics, etc.
Unigraphics comprehensive software, a product of the American E.D.S company, is one of the most powerful comprehensive design, construction and analysis software. This software was introduced in 1960 by McDonnell Douglas, a manufacturer of airplanes and spacecraft, and has been used in various applications from design to construction.
• Unigraphics software, due to the many features it provides to the user, has led to the faster and cheaper presentation of complex products and reduced costs from design to product manufacturing. Most of these facilities

as follows:
• -۱- Information-based design process automation
• -۲- Industrial design
• -۳- Modeling at the highest global level
• -۴- strength analysis
• -۵- Simulation and analysis of mechanisms
• -۶- Construction
• Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways for an organization to use the basic factors of production: people, machines, materials, information, and energy to produce a product or provide a service. They are the bridge between management objectives and operational performance. They are concerned with increasing productivity through people management, business organization methods and technology. Although most industrial engineers work in manufacturing industries, they also work in consulting services, healthcare, and communications

Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. They work on power generating machines such as refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, machine tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial production equipment and robots used in production. The field of nanotechnology, which involves creating high-performance materials and components by combining atoms and molecules, is introducing entirely new principles to the design process.

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The importance of documentation
The difference in production starts here
1- Only the right source saves time and energy
Estimates state that an average worker spends about two and a half hours studying and searching for the information he needs. Effective documentation gathers all the essential information about a task, project, or team (from account logins to step-by-step instructions) in one centralized, organized place that eliminates the need to search email or download files for the latest information.

When you’re working on a task, planning a new project, or needing different team members to step up on something, documentation means you can without spending hours trying to track down details, credentials, Save movement as well as directions and more
Writing down your processes is useful for identifying bottlenecks and workflows, so you can further streamline the way your team works

۲. Documentation is essential for quality and process control
There’s more than one way to do things, and you want to give your team the flexibility to approach their work in a way that works for them.
But, at the same time, you want to ensure consistent results – especially when it comes to things you produce regularly. There should be some consistency so you don’t look sloppy or uninformed.
Documentation encourages knowledge sharing, which allows your team to understand how processes work and what final projects typically look like.

With these resources available, your team members don’t need critical readers to maintain consistency for recurring projects like a monthly report or quarterly presentation. They still have wiggle room for creativity while making sure they check all the necessary boxes

۳. Documentation reduces repetitive tasks
How many times have you started a new project only to find out it’s already done? Companies that use documents to catalog past projects, gather research, and share decisions benefit by reducing rework that wastes your precious time that could be used elsewhere.

Why reinvent the wheel when you can complete what you’ve already done? With documentation in hand, you can refer back to previous work and learn from it, rather than doing it again with the same results.

۴. It makes hiring and working much easier
It’s hard to think about someone leaving, but the reality of business is that your team won’t stay the same forever. People will come to the road and you will bring new people into the field.
When you welcome new team members, that onboarding period can be daunting, both for your existing team and for that new employee. And unfortunately, Gallup found that only 12 percent of employees strongly agree that their organization does a very good job of recruiting new workers.

You want to train team members and enable them to do their best work, not make them feel like they’ve been thrown to the wolves.
If you make documentation a priority, they’ll have a variety of helpful guides, instructions, and notes that they can use to speed up their new tasks. Additionally, they can use these resources to answer their own questions and solve problems independently, rather than feeling like they have to hit one of your team members on every single question or important point.

۵. The only source of truth makes everyone smarter
In the workplace, we tend to treat our knowledge as currency. If we are the person who has all the answers, it makes us feel safe, as if we are the most replaceable people on our team. We assume that sharing our expertise will be of less value.
That’s why it’s no surprise that a survey found that 60 percent of employees had trouble sharing information that was critical to their work.

Documentation increases the collective knowledge of everyone you work with. When sharing information becomes the norm for your team, you’ll benefit from increased transparency and a more collaborative and strategic culture. You’ll make smarter decisions because essential information isn’t just locked away on someone’s hard drive—or worse—in their head.

Documentation should be your best friend
From covering an unexpected employee departure or absence to tackling an unfamiliar project, you can overcome many daunting obstacles together.
While it may sound rigid and formal, prioritizing documents means you and your team will have a backup of the information you rely on.
Share the above benefits with your team members, find a way to encourage them to participate in recording what they can (pizza party, anyone?), and rest easy knowing that your team’s knowledge will no longer just live in their brains.

Are you a technical expert in a highly specialized or regulated organization?
Throughout your career, you must document your activities or provide written technical presentations. Writing technical documents may even be a regular part of your job.
Technical writing for pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical devices

Understanding the importance of technical documentation, its challenges, writing process, tools and technologies can be of great help, especially if you find writing documentation a challenge. This article provides valuable insights to solve this challenge.
The importance of technical documents
Technical documents should provide the most accurate information. Effective technical documentation adds value not only to technical writers but also to their organization and users

Technical documentation is an integral part of introducing a product or service to the market.
They can have a significant impact on the financial success of a product or service
They play an important role in the life cycle of the product during operation and maintenance
They assist in conducting inspections, audits and other regulatory requirements.
Documentation can prevent accidents/accidents. Many major incidents have occurred due to ineffective documentation

Documentation can help in product validation, testing and repairs.
They minimize the risk of misinterpretation and/or error in verbal communication.
They help comply with the documentation requirements of regulatory agencies.
Challenges of writing technical documents

Writing technical documents with required images and appropriate content brings many challenges. The technical expert should have writing skills can be with product/domain knowledge, regulatory knowledge, SME drawing interpretation skills, visualization skills and end user perspective. Acquiring all these skills requires effective training.
Other challenges include

Ease of navigation, search and re-use of documents
Presentation of content in simple, short and concise language
Inability to reuse information
This step includes

• Studying input documents such as specifications, maps, etc
• Analysis of required documents, target audience, depth and complexity, level of language used for specific user group
• In case of participation, verification of information collected by field experts
• Clarify queries
• Good understanding of the product from the user’s point of view
• List of questions and issues when analyzing product inputs
• Clarify with SMEs about queries
• The design includes the following:
• Document format design
• Formatting requirements, fonts, presentation style, etc
• Estimating the number of pages, the number and types of images, etc
Content development:
• Write content in line with the requirements
• Using graphic images to convey information more clearly to the reader

• Carrying out a technical review of the content:
• Check the technical content for communication according to the input
• Review technical content for accuracy and logical order
• Correction:
• Review content for aesthetics and grammatical errors

• Submission approval for information, formatting and other aspects of the document
Release:
• Publish it electronically or in print as required
• Distribute it as hard or soft copy if necessary like pdf, word files, online manual or any required format
• Technical writing tools
• Traditional publishing systems such as Word and desktop publishing software
• Automatic release systems
Tools for creating technical images such as

Document analysis
This article refers to documentation, technical documentation and not what is represented in the management system with these descriptions:
The ISO 10013 standard as a “guide for the preparation of quality management system documentation” provides guidelines for the preparation and maintenance of the necessary documentation to ensure an effective quality management system that also fits the specific needs of the organization.
The use of this guide will help to create a written system as required in the applicable quality management system standard.

The guidelines provided in this standard, in addition to the quality management system according to ISO 9000 family standards, can also be used to codify other management systems such as environmental management systems and safety management systems.
The consultant and quality assurance experts play an important role in the design of ISO 9001 documentation, for ISO documentation, they are generally interviewed with the process managers and unit managers and according to the requirements of the ISO standard, they plan the appropriate ISO documentation of the organization.
In the new edition of ISO 9001, the ISO 9001:2015 standard, paragraph 7.5 of documented information, ISO documentation is mentioned. In the ISO 9001:2015 standard, no implementation method is required, and the development of the implementation method is at the discretion of the organization.

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